The 60/40 portfolio has long been the traditional framework for a balanced investment allocation, or at least a very popular starting point. It is believed by many that the combination of 60% stocks and 40% bonds will give investors exposure to the growth potential of stocks and the stability of bonds, which tend to be less volatile. Over the last couple of decades, many advisors have taken this allocation and modified it to include additional asset classes. These adjustments can include:
• Niche investment styles within a broader asset class like emerging market stocks or junk debt in bonds,
• Other asset categories altogether such as commodities and real estate, or
• Other security types such as private equity and debt, hedge funds, structured notes, options, etc.
The academic argument is that extra diversification will tilt the risk/return tradeoff in the investor’s favor. What is often overlooked is the “risk” part of the trade-off. These additional investments typically come along with additional risks in some form of increased volatility, illiquidity, lack of transparency, high expenses, less regulation, greater complexity (less understanding by the investor), limited accessibility, lower long-term returns, and tax complications, to name a few. Alternative investments often check several of these risk boxes.
When looking at the above list of risks more closely, a number of them are quite easy to compare and contrast relative to how portfolios are implemented at Crawford. For example, our use of individual stocks and bonds offers investors complete transparency, daily liquidity, a single layer of fees, customization, and income generation. But what about performance-related risks? These can be much more difficult to compare and contrast. Investment styles can differ widely within investment disciplines or asset classes. The appropriate allocation to a diversifying satellite strategy can be extremely difficult to quantify, and the timing of when to move in or out of that position always spurs a heated debate. That being said, for the sake of this exercise, let’s look at the historical returns and risk of a number of diversifying asset classes relative to U.S. stocks and a passive 60/40 portfolio over multiple periods of time and see what we can learn.
As you can see from the display above, many of these categories barely keep up with U.S. stock returns over time and eventually become a drag on returns the longer they are held in the portfolio. They are clearly best to be traded and held for shorter periods of time. Other categories do provide excess return over time, however, they take on significant additional volatility and have other drawbacks in providing that benefit. Let’s now look at the same asset categories and focus on risk using standard deviation, a measure of volatility.
When taking the above data under consideration, it should be fairly obvious that the diversifying benefits of these more esoteric and higher-risk asset classes often do not offer benefits for investors when they are needed the most. What’s more, the display below demonstrates the average quarterly drawdown of these asset categories over the past 20 years. We believe drawdowns of this magnitude are an unacceptable outcome and can lead to a variety of negative ultimate investment outcomes.
Clearly, U.S. stocks have been an attractive place to invest over the past few decades. The benefits of adding bonds in a 60/40 portfolio allocation also become clear when risk is taken into consideration. At Crawford, we go beyond the generic 60/40 portfolio and actively focus on high-conviction, high-quality U.S. securities, holding the belief that the most efficient asset classes in balancing risk and return are dividend paying stocks and high-quality bonds. These two asset classes typically offer the best diversification meaning they remain uncorrelated during times of market stress and participate in market advances over time. We appreciate the way they work together, particularly when there is a high-quality bias. A quality-oriented approach enables investors to allocate more to the higher-returning asset class (equity) while mitigating risk to a greater extent than is possible with a traditional allocation. Our approach also has the added benefit of current income generation. At the end of the day, we do not believe highly diverse or complex investment allocations are worth the tradeoff for our clients, and we believe our investors’ returns will compound at a more attractive rate because of our quality-oriented, active management process.
When looking at an investor’s retirement through a multi-decade lens, having a lower cost, tax-efficient, income-producing implementation focused on the most efficient asset classes allows for maximum effectiveness in compounding returns and accumulating perpetual wealth over a multi-decade framework.
Footnote & Disclosure:
